The Age of Reason - 1424 Words

Thesis: To discuss the philosophers who participated and had an affect in The Age of Reason. OUTLINE I. David Hume A. Contributions to the Age of Reason B. Who and what influenced him II. Jean Jacques Rousseau A. What he believed in B. Who influenced him III. Claude Adrien Helvetius A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution IV. Immanuel Kant A. How he made a difference B. Why he made a difference C. What caused him to make a difference V. Johann Fichte A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution VI. Johann von Herder A. Contributions B. What caused him to contribute C. Influences VII. Friedrich Schleiermacher A. Why he contributed B. Influences The Age of Reason was a period in†¦show more content†¦The Metaphysics of Ethics (1797) is based on a belief that reason is the final authority for morality. Immanuel Kant believed that all actions are done for a reason and that no self-serving act can be considered to be moral. In 1804, Immanuel Kant passed away (Hampshire 91). German philosopher, Johann Fichte was born on May 19, 1762. He was educated at Pforta, Jena, and Leipzig. He believed that philosophy was a science, because it must come from a single proposition and express all grounds of experience. However, Fichte disagreed with Kant greatly; he felt that all experiences were pure and that they came from an individuals ego and consciousness (Hampshire, 77). Fichtes first essay Critique of All Revelation was written anonymously and many thought that it was one of Immanuel Kants pieces of work. He died on January 27, 1814 in Berlin (Sartre 112). Johann von Herder, a German philosopher, was born on August 25, 1744. He was the first person to introduce romanticism to Germany. Since Johann von Herder was a leader in the Sturm und Drang movement, he had many people who followed and looked up to him. He studied at the University of Kà ¶nigsberg (Paine 105). Johann von Herder attempted to express the fact that nature and human history are very similar. He also attempted to state that in time history will repeat itself (Hampshire 26). Even though his work was left unfinished, his ideas were a huge contribution to The Age ofShow MoreRelated Age Of Reason Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesas the Age of Reason discovered many knew inventions and advancements to improve the quality of life. When experimented with, these advantages brought forth knew ideas to extraordinary people who forever changed the way we look at life. Although many people found these discoveries to bring a great revival to mankind, others rejected these new improvements and felt as if they were defying god. These years were full of discoveries, conflicts, and new visions that of the world. The age of reason broughtRead MoreThe Age Of Reason Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Cathy Bui Professor Nengo Anthropology March 10 2015 Age of Reason Essay In the book The Age Of Reason by Thomas Paine is about the knowledge of inquiring religious establishments and their own doctrines. He wants the audience to think about the common gumptions that can be seen and describe as a substantiation of a god, for instance from Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. He calls for higher reasoning, a person who rejects the scriptures in the bibles that says we are pretending to use the wordsRead MoreRomanticism : The Age Of Reason1210 Words   |  5 Pagesimagination and intuition rather than emphasizing on reason and logic. There are no restraints or order in Romanticism; complete spontaneous actions are welcome in this style of writing. Romanticism, or also known as the â€Å"The Romantic Period†, refers to the cultural movements that occurred in England, Europe, and America from 1770 to the 1860s. In this literary period, romantic writers saw themselves revolting against another period called the â€Å"Age of Reason† which began in the 1700s and ended in 1770.Read MoreThe Age of Reason Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean history. Cesaire studied liberal ideas that had sprouted in the Enlightenment period or the Age of Reason, a time where many new ideas sprang up. Reason was used to guide the actions of people and nations; no longer was religion the main force. Science became extremely important because it provided answers to questions. With the Enlightenment came ideas of liberalism. Before the Age of Reason monarchies governed the people. There was great poverty and a disparity between the classes of people;Read More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Age of Reason was a period i n time during the 18th century in Europe and America when man become enlightened by reason, science, and humanity. The people involved with the Age of Reason were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe, the natural rights of mankind, and the progress in knowledge. Each philosopher had his own ideas and theories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their ownRead MoreAge of Reason Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesAge of Reason Essay In the book Age Of Reason, Tomas shares his and analysis on religion, mainly the, Christian and church. There is no the great and influence that these three have had on the of societies the. Pain argues that, to develop and hierarchy in and, have made up all religions. The churches do this by an authoritative truth about life that is in books that have been written by people on the word of authoritative truth is the only truth for those who truly faith in such, and to challengeRead MoreThe Enlightenment : The Age Of Reason1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an important period in the history of Western Civilization during the 17th and 18th centuries - a time of social turmoil where societies were divided between social groups and struggled for freedom, equality and democracy (Seidman, 2008: 6). This time gave rise to remarkable social thinkers, known as Enlighteners, who pioneered a new science of society (Seidman, 2008: 5). These highly educated Enlighteners believed the world could be rationallyRead MoreThe Age Of Reason By Judaism1449 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the â€Å"Age of Reason†, Judaism was forced to re-evaluate its core values in response to acculturation and assimilation. The question of emancipation and participation in their new countries brought the Jewish community to a crossroads as they had to determine how far they would veer away from their Jewish values in efforts to fit into the new societies. Jewish philosophers were forced to offer options to the different sects of Judaism that correspond with those sects core values and ethicsRead More An Age of Reason, An Age of Passion Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesAn Age of Reason, An Age of Passion The period following the Renaissance focused the human attention toward the beauty of nature. It was man’s turn to be part of the nature and not the other way around. The term picturesque—or â€Å"compared to a picture† as Michael Woods defines it — defines new characteristics of the art from this period. This period, â€Å"An Age of Reason, An Age of Passion,† had a dual nature—rational, responsive to reason, but also anti-rational, responsive to emotion. â€Å"MakingRead MoreGlorifying the Age of Reason572 Words   |  2 PagesTHE AGE OF REASON The age of reason is a period in time in which the idea of reasoning things out was glorified. This period is also known as â€Å"The Enlightenment†, it started around the mid 1600’s and ended at around the end of the 1700’s. Never before had questioning things and acquiring solutions for ourselves as individuals been so popular. This age resulted in major advancements in mathematics, science, even in political views and other subjects. This period is a concoction of different minds

The History Of The Globe Theatre - 1378 Words

Luke Hallfrisch Prof. Rebecca Thornberry Intro to theater October 28, 2016 The History of the Globe Theatre Today we know of The Globe Theatre on because of the famous playwright and director known as William Shakespeare. The events which took place in The Globe’s past and what is its future may be, have become, and will be, an important part of the history of theater and drama. This paper will discuss the history of the Globe theatre, the importance it held at its time, and the importance of The Globe Theater now and in the future. In 1576, during the Elizabethan era, James Burbage and a partner went to a landlord, Giles Allen, to lease some land for a theater. Giles and James agreed to a 21 year lease in which James would be allowed to build his theatre known as â€Å"The Theatre†. It was located north of the London Wall (Mabillard). Starting in 1596, when the lease for the land for the theatre was due to expire, there were many legal issues between the landlord and tenant. There were also disputes between those involved in running the business. James Burbage died in 1567 and he left his two sons, Richard and Cuthbert Burbage, his shares of the theatre.(Globe) The Burbage brothers took an extreme action to protect their assets because, as a result of the dispute, they were facing eviction. The landowner had hoped he would be able to acquire the theater when the tenants left. (Shapiro) In December of 1598 while Giles Allen was away on holiday, the Burbage brothers,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The History an d Present Use of the Globe Theatre552 Words   |  3 Pagessee the beautiful architect in the Globe Theatre? The significance of the Globe theatre is that play rights change how they portrayed the stories to the audience. The Globe Theatres were popular in Shakespearian time and Shakespeare’s plays still occur there every day. The Globe theatre was built in 1599 in Southwark, London. The theatre is a 20 sided circle and 3 stories tall building. The theatre was built out of frame, plaster, bricks, and thatching. The theatre also can hold thousands of peopleRead MoreThe Development And Popularity Of The Elizabethan Theatre1289 Words   |  6 Pages The Development and Popularity of the Elizabethan Theatre I. Introduction Hook: What type of entertainment could have been available in the Elizabethan era without actors or tv? A. Elizabethan Era 1. Forms of Entertainment Elizabethan entertainment was very important to the people, as it gave them a chance to take a break form their hard lives. a. â€Å"Court entertainment was regular, often nightly occurrence combined with feasts, jousts, and banquets often occompainies by music and dancingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Globe Theatre1114 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Elizabethan Era, The Globe Theatre was a very influential upcoming piece of architecture that even Shakespeare first had his plays performed in. Although it was very difficult to keep the building standing for long, it inspired many new theatre styles and still lives on today in England. The Globe Theatre was extremely influential during the Elizabethan Era because of its long history, unique architecture, and new ways of acting to go along with the new theatre style. Although the majorityRead MoreEssay on The Globe Theatre and The Elizabethan Audience 1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre in London , where William Shakespeares most famous plays premiered; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Twelfth Night, was built in 1599 in Southwark on the south bank of London’s River Thames by Richard Burbage. It was co-owned by Shakespeare, with a share of 12.5%. The Globe was a large, open-aired, three-tiered theater made out of timber taken from the Theatre-– a former theatre owned by Richard Burbage’s father. The Globe Theatre burned to the groundRead MoreThe Elizabethan Era Of Europe1531 Words   |  7 PagesMary Queen of Scots a Catholic. All of these contributed to the amazing theatre during this time, one of the most notable things from this period is its fine arts, with the theater being the one held in the highest esteem. The Elizabethan Renaissance Was best expressed and shown through its theatre. One key factor in theatre during the Elizabethan period is where the plays were actually performed. There were two kinds of theatre during the time period; outdoor/public and indoor/private. Both were openRead More William Shakespeares Globe Theatre Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Globe Theatre      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Globe Theater, an entertainment outlet for all people of that time, provided a place for Shakespeares plays to be performed.   It was the third and most famous playhouse in London.   When it was built, it was one of the most important playhouses in London.   The Globes architecture was intriguing for its time and its life was long and prosperous. The Globe was built by two brothers, Cuthbert and Richard Burbage.   They had inherited the GlobesRead MorePortrayal Of Women During The Elizabethan Period1656 Words   |  7 Pages Women were thought as second-class citizens and were not given a large role in society. Throughout history, women have a limited amount of work they are permitted to do, and are confined to doing housework. The role women had was teaching and taking care of the children at home, cleaning the house, and cooking and having food ready for the husbands when they come home after work. As evidence of characterization of female characters in Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the Elizabethan period hadRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage. He has been referred to as the England s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. Shakespeare s plays consist of mainly tragedies, comedies and histories which are regarded as one of the best in those genres. The plays, the poems, and the sonnets have had a significance influence in English literature. There has been various writers who have been studying Shakespeare’s plays and poems for over 300Read MoreElizabethan Architecture Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagestoday. There are many different types of theater but today Elizabethan theater will be discussed in a brief overview. In this paper, I will cover the history of Elizabethan theater and what it is, the architecture style of Elizabethan theater and the theatrical life and the establishment of permanent theaters. Let’s take a look at some of the history and just what exactly Elizabethan theater really is. Elizabethan theater, â€Å"also known as English theater or English Renaissance theater†, refers toRead MoreBrief Biography of William Shakespeare1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was a very dynamic playwright and writer. He enjoyed history which was shown through his writing. He excelled at writing many kinds of different genres of plays. He especially enjoyed tragedy and history. The reason William Shakespeare remains well known today is because he was a brilliant playwright which was clearly influenced by his childhood and culture. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford, England. On April 23, 1564, he was supposedly

Final Free Essays

1The value of a firm is a. smaller the higher is the risk premium used to compute the firm’s value. b. We will write a custom essay sample on Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now larger the higher is the risk premium used to compute the firm’s value. c. the price for which the firm can be sold minus the present value of the expected future profits. d. both b and c 2A price-taking firm can exert no control over price because a. the firm’s demand curve is downward sloping. b. of a lack of substitutes for the product. c. the firm’s individual production is insignificant relative to production in the industry. d. many other firms produce a product that is nearly identical to its product. e. oth c and d 3Which of the following statements is true? a. Shareholders as a group have little or no ability to force managers to pursue maximization of the firm’s value. b. The effectiveness of a board of directors in monitoring managers will be enhanced by appointing members from the firm who are well-informed about the management problems facing the firm. c. Reducing the amount of debt financing can reduce the divergence between the shareholders ’ interests and the owner’s interests. d. Equity ownership by managers is thought to be one of the most effective corporate control mechanisms. e. All of the above are true. When a firm earns less than a normal profit, a. the revenues generated cannot pay all explicit costs and the opportunity cost of using owner-supplied resources. b. accounting profit is negative. c. economic profit is zero. d. normal profit is negative. e. all of the above 5Economic profit is the best measure of a firm’s performance because a. normal profit is generally too difficult to measure. b. economic profit fully accounts for all sources of revenue. c. only explicit costs influence managerial decisions since, in general, only explicit costs can be subtracted from revenue for the purposes of computing taxable profit. d. he opportunity cost of using ALL resources is subtracted from total revenue. 6The market demand curve for a given good shifts when there is a change in any of the follow ing factors EXCEPT a. the price of the good. b. the level of consumers’ income. c. the prices of goods related in consumption. d. the tastes of consumers. 7Which of the following would increase the supply of corn? a. an increase in the price of pesticides b. a decrease in the demand for corn c. a fall in the price of corn d. a severe drought in the corn belt e. a decrease in the price of wheat 8If M = $15,000 and [pic] = $20, the demand function is a. [pic]. b. pic]. a. [pic]. b. [pic]. c. [pic]. 9If M = $15,000 and [pic]= $20 and the supply function is[pic], then, when the price of the good is $40, a. there is equilibrium in the market. b. there is a shortage of 180 units of the good. c. there is a surplus of 180 units of the good. d. there is a shortage of 80 units of the good. Question 10 refer to the following figure: [pic] 10If price is $16 there is a. a shortage of 250 units. b. a surplus of 250 units. c. a shortage of 125 units. d. a surplus of 125 units. e. equilibriu m in the market. 11For an unconstrained maximization problem a. the decision maker seeks to maximize net benefits. . the decision maker seeks to maximize total benefits. c. the decision maker does not take cost into account because there is no constraint. d. the decision maker does not take the objective function into account because there is no constraint. e. none of the above The next 2 questions refer to the following: An agency is having problems with personal phone calls made during working hours. Each minute of a personal call costs the agency $0. 50 in wasted wages. The agency decides to hire operators to monitor calls in order to attain the optimal number of personal calls (minimize total cost of personal calls). |Total minutes of personal | |Number of Operators |calls (per hour) | |0 |600 | |1 |480 | |2 |410 | |3 |370 | |4 |350 | 12If operators receive $25 an hour, how many operators should the agency hire? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4 3If operators receive $25 an hour, what is the minimum possible total cost of personal calls (per hour)? a. $460 b. $255 c. $120 d. $ 85 e. none of the above The next question refer to the following: A manager in charge of new product development can hire engineers and market researchers. The annual salary of an engineer is $40,000 while a market researcher receives $20,000. The marginal contribution of engineers and market researchers are: |Engineers (E) |Market Researchers (R) | |Worker |Additional Worker |Additional | | |New Products | |New Products | |1st |240 |1st |80 | |2nd |200 |2nd |70 | |3rd |160 |3rd |60 | |4th |100 |4th |50 | |5th |40 |5th |40 | 14How should a manager with an annual budget of $140,000, allocate this budget in order to maximize the number of new products developed? a. Hire one engineer and five market researchers b. Hire two engineers and three market researchers c. Hire three engineers and one market researcher d. Hire four engineers and four market researchers Answer the next question using the following marginal benefit and marginal cost functions for activity A: MB = 100 ( 5A MC = 20 + 3A 15The optimal level of A is a. 40 b. 30 c. 20 d. 10 e. 0 16The sample regression line a. hows the actual (or true) relation between the dependent and independent variables. b. is used to estimate the population regression line. c. connects the data points in a sample. d. is estimated by the population regression line. e. maximizes the sum of the squared differences between the data points in a sample and the sample regression line. 17To test whether the overall regression equation is statistically significant one uses a. the t-statistic. b. the R2-statistic. c. the F-statistic. d. the standard error statistic. The next question refer to the following: The linear regression equation, Y = a + bX, was estimated. The following computer printout was obtained: DEPENDENT VARIABLE: YR-SQUAREF-RATIOP-VALUE ON F OBSERVATIONS: 180. 30667. 0760. 0171 PARAMETER STANDARD VARIABLE ESTIMATEERRORT-RATIOP-VALUE INTERCEPT15. 485. 093. 040. 0008 X- 21. 368. 03- 2. 660. 0171 18The parameter estimate of a indicates a. when X is zero, Y is 5. 09. b. when X is zero, Y is 15. 48. c. when Y is zero, X is –21. 36. d. when Y is zero, X is 8. 03. The next question refer to the following: A firm is experiencing theft problems at its warehouse. A consultant to the firm believes that the dollar loss from theft each week (T) depends on the number of security guards (G) and on the unemployment rate in the county where the warehouse is located (U measured as a percent). In order to test this hypothesis, the consultant estimated the regression equation T = a + bG + cU and obtained the following results: DEPENDENT VARIABLE: TR-SQUAREF-RATIOP-VALUE ON F OBSERVATIONS: 270. 779342. 380. 0001 PARAMETER STANDARD VARIABLE ESTIMATEERRORT-RATIOP-VALUE INTERCEPT5150. 431740. 722. 960. 0068 G- 480. 92130. 66- 3. 680. 0012 U211. 075. 02. 810. 0096 19Hiring one more guard per week will decrease the losses due to theft at the warehouse by _________ per week. a. $5,150 b. $211 c. $130 d. $480. 92 20If the p-value is 10%, then the a. level of significance is 10%. b. level of confidence is 90%. c. probability of a Type I error is 90%. d. both a and b e. all of the above How to cite Final, Essay examples Final Free Essays Final Free Essays Associate Level Material Appendix B Information Security Policy Student Name: University of Phoenix IT/244 Intro to IT Security Instructor’s Name: Date: Table of Contents Table of Contents1 1. Executive Summary1 2. Introduction2 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disaster Recovery Plan4 4. Physical Security Policy7 5. Access Control Policy11 6. Network Security Policy14 7. References17 Executive Summary Due in Week Nine: Write 3 to 4 paragraphs giving a bottom-line summary of the specific measureable goals and objectives of the security plan, which can be implemented to define optimal security architecture for the selected business scenario. There is no such thing as complete security. Offensive security measures are always being devised to compromise the integrity of a network. Security precautions are constantly being developed in order to battle this constant onsalught of attacks. Any professional organization who cares about the security fo their system, is pretty much guaranteed to put some sort of physical or logical security measures in place. Physical security measures are procautions that inckude things such as security cameras, guards, Id badges, or even a tridtional lock and key. These types of defense are designed to be preventative of external attakcs or infiltration. Logical Security systems include things such as user admin accounts, passwords, and principles like least privelage that prevent unecesary access all contribute to the prevention of external as weel as internal threats. With the proper security measure in place, Sunica Entertainment Co. should be well on their way to ensuring the integrity of their network as well as increasing the eficciency of support and access. With the new servers, administrators will also be able to login to access information or perform maintenance from any Sunica branch. This improved control and security will only improve the health of this company. Introduction Due in Week One: Give an overview of the company and the security goals to be achieved. 1 Company overview As relates to your selected scenario, give a brief 100- to 200-word overview of the company. I decided to go with the Sunica Music and Movie Franchise. Sunica is a multimedia media chain with four different locations. The four stores lack the technology to synchronize their sales as well as their inventories. The four stores needs to implement a system that will collaborate the information from all four locations to one central database. This insufficient technology has cost Sunica unnecessary staffing as well as spending. By implementing a central web server, Sunica can ensure that all the locations will have access to information regarding inventory, accounting, or any up-to-date information the customer may want to know. 2 Security policy overview Of the different types of security policies—program-level, program-framework, issue-specific, and system-specific—briefly cover which type is appropriate to your selected business scenario and why. Sunica could actually benefit from implementing multiple policies such as program-framework and system-specific to ensure the company has a secure foundation. A system-specific policy would ensure that the administrators and the employees had specific policies to abide by. 3 Security policy goals As applies to your selected scenario, explain how the confidentiality, integrity, and availability principles of information security will be addressed by the information security policy. 1 Confidentiality Briefly explain how the policy will protect information. Just like any effective system, there must be a hierarchy of rights and capabilities. In order to establish a truly secure VPN workspace, the company needs to create user-specific logon. 2 Integrity Give a brief overview of how the policy will provide rules for authentication and verification. Include a description of formal methods and system transactions. With user-specific logons, the system will not be publicly accessible. Secure data logs should be backed up on servers in order to track employee accessibility to make sure there is no internal problems. 3 Availability Briefly describe how the policy will address system back-up and recovery, access control, and quality of service. To ensure a successful and thriving system, Sunica needs to implement a disaster plan that is capable of backup and recovery. If the disaster plan is configured correctly both physically and at the application level, then Sunica can back up and log critical information to the company such as payroll, email, finances, etc. Disaster Recovery Plan Due in Week Three: For your selected scenario, describe the key elements of the Disaster Recovery Plan to be used in case of a disaster and the plan for testing the DRP. Risk Assessment 1 Critical business processes List the mission-critical business systems and services that must be protected by the DRP. A well designed Disaster Recovery Program can help any business over come imminent disasters like Mother Nature, security breaches, equipment failure, outside threats, etc. First off, a rick analysis should be put together to unde rstand the potential problems that could occur and how to resolve them. The mission-critical business systems should include all of the companies valuable information that is required to keep the business profitable. For Sunica, the systems could include anything along the lines of inventory, email, pricing, communications, etc. 2 Internal, external, and en 3 Internal, external, and environmental risks Briefly discuss the internal, external, and environmental risks, which might be likely to affect the business and result in loss of the facility, loss of life, or loss of assets. Threats could include weather, fire or chemical, earth movement, structural failure, energy, biological, or human. As stated earlier, disasters are imminent within any organization. Natural disasters are unpredictable, inescapable, and can often times be detrimental to an organization. Earthquakes, fires, floods, tornadoes, etc; these are all examples of natural disasters that can cripple any company’s systems. Internal disasters could be anything from an internal security breach all the ay t sabotage. If an organization keeps a close eye on its employees and systems, it can sometimes detect signs of foul play before it starts. External disasters are things outside of the company that cannot be controlled, such as the economy, popular trends, unions, strikes, etc. 2 Disaster Recovery Strategy Of the strategies of shared-site agreements, alternate sites, hot sites, cold sites, and warm sites, identify which of these recovery strategies is most appropriate for your selected scenario and why. Because Sunica is updating its systems to use a WAN in order to collaborate information, a third party site for backup is essential to the success of their new systems. Before the upgrade, Sunica had no choice but to store their data on site at each location. Because of the accessibility of the new systems, Sunica can backup their data to a third party server and use a warm-site to take control if the main systems are compromised. Disaster Recovery Test Plan For each testing method listed, briefly describe each method and your rationale for why it will or will not be included in your DRP test plan. 1 Walk-throughs A walk-through test is the only way to fully ensure that the system has a solid foundation that is free of any errors. The test will spot out weak points in the systems design , as well as necessary changes and adjustments. The results of the test should be implemented in the system to increase its success and productivity. 2 Simulations This section of the plan should be self explanatory given the title. Generally a fake disaster is created in order to implement the companies DRP and measure its effectiveness. 3 Checklists Another self explanatory title that basically goes over the requirements Sunica needs in order to operate effectively with the new system. This can also be an incredibly useful resource to use while testing and learning the new systems. 4 Parallel testing Parallel testing a pretty simple concept, but an important step in the recovery plan. For parallel testing, the company must run their current systems in juxtaposition to the systems at the warm site. This will measure the functionality and efficiency of the data transfer between the two systems. 5 Full interruption Full interruption is the final stage of the plan which indicates you are ready to take the training wheels off. This is not a drill people; this test literally shuts off the systems like the case of a real disaster and does a final test to ensure that that Sunica experiences the least downtime possible during an actual emergency. Physical Security Policy Due in Week Five: Outline the Physical Security Policy. Merkow and Breithaupt (2006) state, â€Å"an often overlooked connection between physical systems (computer hardware) and logical systems (the software that runs on it) is that, in order to protect logical systems, the hardware running them must be physically secure† (p. 165). Describe the policies for securing the facilities and the policies of securing the information systems. Outline the controls needed for each category as relates to your selected scenario. These controls may include the following: Physical controls (such as perimeter security controls, badges, keys and combination locks, cameras, barricades, fencing, security dogs, lighting, and separating the workplace into functional areas) Technical controls (such as smart cards, audit trails or access logs, intrusion detection, alarm systems, and biometrics) Environmental or life-safety controls (such as power, fire detection and suppression, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) 1 Security of the building facilities 1 Physical entry controls Physical systems are essential to the foundation of a company and it’s logical systems. Without secure hardware to host the logical operations, the whole system would be useless. Physical security can include anything from security cards, photo ID badges, security cameras, etc. These precautions are implemented to protect against natural occurring and man made physical threats. As far as Sunica’s physical security is concerned, security cameras and alarms at each of their locations would help ensure the physical security of each of their branches. Access ID badges also may be implemented at the location of the warm site for access to the servers that store the company’s data. 2 Security offices, rooms and facilities The off-site location used to manage SMM’s systems should be managed by a small security force that implements the use of security badges and access ID checks. There will have to be rooms set aside for monitoring equipment to keep tabs on both the security cameras, and system access to the logical systems through administrative users. 3 Isolated delivery and loading areas Delivery and loading areas need to be in a secure location that is sut off from the secure portions of the building. By having physical guards and cameras to monitor the delivery and loading areas, they can help ensure that physical security breaches are kept to a minimum. You also need to make sure there is no access to any secure part of the building from the delivery areas, unless it is protected with the proper security restrictions. 2 Security of the information systems 1 Workplace protection Workplace protection in the information systems require several different levels of monitoring, access, and administration. As discussed earlier in the physical security, a designated and secure area should be selected for monitoring equipment on both the physical and logical security systems. 2 Unused ports and cabling Unused ports and cabling can be an access point for all types of infiltration if not properly secured. All unused ports should be immediately secured when not in use. If external visitors require access to these ports, advances notice should be given to the network admin in order to provision temporary user access. 3 Network/server equipment Network and server equipment are the backbone of Sunica’s information systems and must be secured at all cost. The server rooms should not be accessed regularly except for inspection and maintenance. The network equipment should be kept a secure climate-controlled room that is cut-off from most natural disasters or occurrences that could be out of the company’s control. Access should be monitored with proper restrictions to only those with proper access to this vital equipment. 4 Equipment maintenance Equipment maintenance is something that should be done on a regular but sparingly basis. Server rooms should not be accessed often in order to reduce possible infiltration to the information that is critical to Sunica’s systems. Maintenance can include anything from updates, replacing tapes, repairing ports/cables, and even climate control. The rooms containing this important equipment needs to be well ventilated and cooled due to the touchy reactions to heat this equipment demonstrates. 5 Security of laptops/roaming equipment The security of laptops and other mobile equipment used by employees can be a huge vulnerability in the security of Sunica’s systems. Each employee who is assigned any sort of mobile equipment must sign a legal disclaimer against any unlawful uses. Security features must also be implemented by the network administrator, in order to prevent and monitor any suspicious behavior on the company’s roaming equipment. Access Control Policy Due in Week Seven: Outline the Access Control Policy. Describe how access control methodologies work to secure information systems 1 Authentication Describe how and why authentication credentials are used to identify and control access to files, screens, and systems. Include a discussion of the principles of authentication such as passwords, multifactor authentication, biometrics, and single-sign-on. Access controls are a collection of synchronized applications and mechanisms that ensure the integrity of an information system’s security. By ensuring that every login to the network is on a constantly monitored system, a network administrator can spot errors in the network or possible security infiltrations before they get out of control. In order for any employee to access the database, they will need a secure login and password with access to only systems necessary to complete their duties. 2 Access control strategy 1 Discretionary access control Describe how and why discretionary access control will be used. Include an explanation of how the principle of least privilege applies to assure confidentiality. Explain who the information owner who is responsible for the information and has the discretion to dictate access to that information. The Discretionary access control (DAC) mechanism is the dictator of networking systems in the sense that it assigns an individual information owner who decides who gets control of what. Although the system may seem unfair, it is a necessary precaution to ensure that the principle of least privelage is applied correctly. The DAC sets the foundation for Sunica’s systems and will ensure that they are running as efficiently and securely as possible. Mandatory access control Describe how and why mandatory access control will be used. A Mandatory access control (MAC), also referred to as a nondiscretionary access control is a mechanism that determines who gains access to information based on a system of objects and labels. In a MAC system, duristiction is based on levels of access that each contain secure information only accessible to those selected to receive it. MAC is most commonly seen in the military. Its that classic manilla folder with â€Å"top secret† stamped on it that is slapped on the presidents desk after a major crisis has occurred. SMM is not a military, its a media company; and this level of security would only overcomplicate their needs. 3 Role-based access control Describe how and why role-based access control will be used. Role-based access control (RBAC) is exactly that; it sorts users into role-based groups with the same common needs to complete a given task. RBAC can be handy for impromptu granting and revoking of access to individual groups. By having a pre-determined access control for a certain area of information, it is easy to just shuffle people back and forth as needed. This is great for places like call centers with a high turnover rate and would be a very simple way to catagorize employee access at Sunica Media Ent. Flexible controls are also needed for constantly entering new members information into the databse. 3 Remote access Describe the policies for remote user access and authentication via dial-in user services and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Although remote access can be extremely useful for network adminstrators, it must be implemented carefully to ensure that the wrong individual does not have the ability to use this access. Remote Access services are server based applications that make it possible to dial in to a system’s network from any remote location that can establish a connection with their servers. Most companies impliment a Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection that allows remote users to access the corporate infrastructure. Essentially, you are creating a private virtual network on your own ISP by retrieving the information across a WAN from the origin or servers. VPNs use a very secure ecnryption and authenticates both the senders and receivers on either end. This allows any SMM employee who requires access to the corporate systems to pull up that information from anywhere with a connection to the internet. This makes sick leave, hospital time, vacations, and other absences less detrimental to the production of the company. Network Security Policy Due in Week Nine: Outline the Network Security Policy. As each link in the chain of network protocols can be attacked, describe the policies covering security services for network access and network security control devices. 1 Data network overview Provide an overview of the network configuration that the company uses. Discuss each network type of Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Internet, intranet, and extranet. Include how the network type is employed in your selected scenario. Sunica Music Co. needs to implement a solid security policy to make sure their systems are secure. All stores should have extranets thats dial into third party server using an employee login. All employees should have the policy of least security implemented on their user accounts by the system admin. This will ensure that system traffic is kept to a minimum but allows employees ample access to system information. 2 Network security services For each security service, briefly describe how it is used to protect a network from attack. Include why the service will be used for network security as relates to your selected scenario, or why it is not applicable in this circumstance. 1 Authentication Authenication could include different type of physical and logical security. Anything from access ID badges to administrative logins could help eensure the integrity of the system. Access control Access control must be maintaned in order to ensures that a system doesn;t get sloppy. Things like the principle of least privelage help ensure that there are no loose ends in the network that could be potential security threats. 3 Data confidentiality Data confidentiality can help be maintained in several different ways. By changing the IP address off the destination of a packet, you can ensure that only the person the message was intended for reads it. Sunica also needs to make sure that the wrong people cant access the right information. Data integrity Data integrity ensures that no sort of change is made without be monitored or recorded to help prevent foul play. Data Integrity is violated when a message is actively modified in transit. Information security systems typically provide message integrity in addition to data confidentiality. 5 Nonrepudiation Electronic commerce uses technology such as digital signatures and public key encryption to establish authenticity and non-repudiation. 6 Logging and monitoring Loggign and monitoring can be perhaps one of the most critical security features to a system. By logging all activity, there can evidence to look back upon in order to solidify any information that may pertain to the integrity of the systm;s security. 3 Firewall system Outline the roles of the following network security control devices and how these basic security infrastructures are used to protect the company’s network against malicious activity. Provide a description of each type of firewall system and how it is used to protect the network. Include how the firewall system is or is not applicable to the company’s network configuration in your selected scenario. Packet-filtering router firewall system There are several different types of firewalls that can help keep Sunics’s information protected. Firewalls are like a giant net that surround a network and only allow certified information to enter. When setting up packet filters, you must first determine what filtering capabilities your router has and where you want to filter. 2 Screened host firewall sys tem The screened host firewall combines a packet-filtering router with an application gateway located on the protected subnet side of the router. The application gateway needs only one network interface. This firewalls is simply a version of a dual-homed gateway that can be used to separate components of the firewall onto separate systems. 3 Screened-Subnet firewall system This firewalls is simply a version of a dual-homed gateway that can be used to separate components of the firewall onto separate systems which achieve greater throughput and flexibility. References Cite all your references by adding the pertinent information to this section by following this example. American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. How to cite Final, Papers Final Free Essays string(66) " to practice on dummies to get the feel of how to treat patients\." They pick up the extra load that physicians pass along to them. Within Reenter Memorial Hospital one would understand why the work is becoming too physically demanding. Registered nurses (Runs) deliver and manage patient care. We will write a custom essay sample on Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now They teach them along with the public about the countless health conditions and supply guidance and emotional support to them and their families on how to care and treat themselves. Without the use of registered nurses a shift in performance feedback is sure to happen. Back in the day, meaning 100 plus ears ago, women were responsible for nurturing and delivering care to children and those family members who were ill. It wasn’t until the 17th century that men became nurses and tended to the sick as well. However, in the 19th century the definition of nursing was stretched to not only tend to those who were sick and ill but also work under physicians to support them. In reference to hospitals across the U. S, there has always been a shortage of nurses, however they always seemed to work themselves out. Meaning the hospitals would have a certain period of time when they weren’t so low on nurses. It wasn’t until 1998 that things seemed to get worse. The baby boomers were set to retire in 2008, but because of the recent recession they were forced to continue to work. In the years to come, the baby boomers will eventually began their retirement and need more medical care. Add on the amount of years they have been working plus the work load, the Job as a nurse really has taken a toll on the bodies. What the current healthcare industry doesn’t realize is that experienced nurses will be leaving the industry. The reason behind the nursing shortage is that no one can precisely pin point causes. With the addition of managed care and other elements, these maybe the reasons for the nursing shortage. Reenter Memorial Hospital is Just one of many hospitals affected by this. Others may say it is because of the low pay paired with the heavy workload or the treatment they are getting from the other employees. Whichever way you may put it, the nursing profession is indeed declining and the healthcare industry is reaping the consequences. Proposal Initially, the ultimate problem with Reenter Memorial Hospital is that there is a lack of nursing staff. To add on to the nursing staff problem, the nurses are being over irked, which has led to a lack of retention. In addition, recruiting new nurses for those who are retiring is becoming more difficult because of the shortage. No one wants to enter into a new employment expecting to be burnt out and over worked. Just like any other healthcare organization, Reenter Memorial Hospital requires nurses that are highly trained, effective and stable. It is said that the nursing profession has a tremendous impact on how the healthcare industry operates. Within this proposal five other hospitals that have undergone the same situation as Reenter will be evaluated. It is very important for any healthcare organization to tackle the shortages of nurses. No particular hospital within Florida is suffering more then the others. James A. Haley VA Medical Center along with other nursing homes and home health agencies are being picky about who they want to work for them. This is what has caused them to have a nursing shortage. We did notice that all the employers that responded said that their difficult-to-fill positions required nurses with experience and advanced education,† Yore said (Peters-Smith, 2012). Not every nurse freshly out of college is going to have the experience that organizations want. Even though it is up to the employers to offer them a chance, have declined. Another reason why the VA Center’s nurses are at a shortage is because of poor working conditions and pay. Some people often think that the military has so many assets, but they are Just like any other organization. Since the VA overworked their nurses, some patients weren’t receiving the adequate care they needed. Army Staff SST. Alex Dillon said â€Å"his wound dressing wasn’t changed often enough nor would he get pain medication promptly’, due to the over worked and short staffed nurses (Peters-Smith, 2012). This s very similar to what Reenter Memorial Hospital is experiencing, the nurses are being over worked except for the inadequate care. What the VA did to solve their situation was become less picky and started hiring those recent graduates. As the current members grow older within the nursing profession, the need for skilled nurses increases. Of the hospitals surveyed in Florida, 89 percent said they would hire straight out of school and 29 percent have nurse residency programs to continue their training after school (Peters-Smith, 2012). This has decreased the shortages of nurses within their facilities. The recent graduates may not have much experience, but they have to start somewhere. Wesley Medical Center of Wichita Falls, Kansas is also experiencing a shortage of nurses as well. After doing research, Wesley Medical Center came to the decision to pay nurses more. This helped retain more nurses while giving the baby boomers a chance to retire with no hassle for a while. It gave the retiring nurses a chance to retire without looking back and thinking they let the business down, or the hospital has a shortage because of them. However this plan backfired. The nursing school of Wichita University housing the graduates who come to Wesley Medical Center for a job was deeply impacted when this pay raise occurred. When the nursing pay went up, the professors of WAS left. Since budget constraints at the university, nursing professionals realized they could make more money practicing than teaching nursing (Went, 2013). One way to fix the problems at hand that included the hospital and college, the chief nursing officer of Wesley Medical Center suggested simulation training. What the simulation training does is allow students to practice on dummies to get the feel of how to treat patients. You read "Final" in category "Papers" A new technology developed in recent years has created mannequins who can talk, interact with doctors and nurses, and graphically recreate many medical situations nurses and doctors in past history could only learn in clinic work or on the Job: how to save a person in cardiac arrest for example (Went, 2013). With this simulation training the nurses at the college get hands on training while the staff of the hospital can see new prospects to choose from. In an effort to fill the nursing shortage, New Orleans hospitals are pooping up bonuses, helping new graduates repay student loans and recruiting workers from overseas (Grids, 2007). What Tour Infirmary located in New Orleans is doing is offering $12,000 for two years for those nurses who agree to work at their location and for those who continue to stay. They will get $6,000 the first year they work and another $6,000 the next year. One may think this is a bribe, but hey, business is business. The leaders of any organization, especially those involved in the healthcare industry, have to do whatever they have to do to retain their current employees and to gain new ones. The incentives are boosting Tour’s costs but are still less than eying temp agencies or contract firms anywhere from $60 an hour to the high $ass for each nurse (Grids, 2007). This particular solution worked for Tour Infirmary; who’s to say it will work for others healthcare facilities to include Reenter Memorial Last, two healthcare facilities in South Carolina came to a solution to decrease nursing shortages. Both Sconce Medical Center and Named Medical Center are not necessarily experiencing a shortage now, but they know they will later on down the line. The reason for this, like all other hospitals, is that the experienced nurses are retiring. Their solution to keeping the shortage down gives credit to Clemson and Trio- County Technical College. Both offer nursing degree programs that contribute to the nursing staff of the Medical Centers (Stated, 2009). Also it all depends on which particular area the Medical Center is located. Both Sconce Medical Center and Named are located in upstate South Carolina where a number of nursing programs provide a ready supply of nurses. â€Å"That helps us to not see shortages other people around the state are seeing,† Jury said (Stated, 2009). This applies to all hospitals no matter what the state is. One would have to compare the facilities community-by- community rather than state-by-state. One hospital could be located in a rural area with a college that offers nursing programs, but the teachers are retiring so this could cause the hospital to have a nursing shortage (Hurst, 2010). On the other hand, some teachers may not want to teach because the actual practice may offer more money. Some have even opted to working in teaching hospitals so they can tackle two birds with one stone, teach and work. The starting nurse practitioners can make $60,000 and up (Stated, 2009) depending on which area they work in whether it be caching or working within the profession. Furthermore, the resulting healthcare organizations have successfully implemented transformational changes that have brought them out of their dilemma of nursing shortages. With these changes they have been able to not only retain experienced nurses but hire new inexperienced ones as well. Considering the five hospitals evaluated, the two solutions that are most viable to Referee Memorial Hospital would be to offer an incentive that motivates the nurses to stay or offer a simulation program with the colleges that house the respective nurses. These two solutions will work well for Referee because others healthcare facilities have shown great progress after implementing them. It is even possible for Referee Memorial Hospital to implement both solutions. If Reenter Memorial Hospital were to implement the first solution, an incentive for their current and future nurses it would affect everyone. All the stakeholders to include patients, hospital administration, accounting, physicians, and other employers would either see the nursing getting paid extra as a good thing or bad thing. Before the nurses loud even started getting the incentive a devised plan would need to be taken to administration to see if they agree I. E a proposal on why they should be paid a little extra. The reason why administrations would be affected is because they are the true leaders of the hospital. Before anything can happen they have to be notified. This way the administration would be able to compile the necessary paper work. The next step, or stakeholder involved would be accounting. Accounting would be affected because Reenter Memorial would need to know how much money within the budget they would be willing to give. In any case dealing with money both the administration along with accounting needs to be involved. Both the administration and accounting within Reenter Memorial influence decision-making, operational control and managerial planning. Both of these departments support one another. If accounting is not able to get money from the budget, administration would not be able to approve the extra pay. As far as the physician, they are not impacted as much. This is because they grasp the concept that the workload is heavy upon the nurses and they realize the nurses do need to be paid a little more. The physicians get paid much ore to do less however, the patient’s lives are solely their responsibility. Overall the physicians are impacted less then the other stakeholders. Moreover, when the nurses receive an incentive, controversy will arise within Reenter. The other employees will feel as if they may need to get an incentive as well. Even though the patients are the main focus and keeping nurses keeps patients happy, the other employees will not see it that way. Within any organization when one person gets a raise other people will feel they need to get a raise as well. Reenter doesn’t have to explain the circumstance behind the choice. However, what they can do is let the other employee know that their hard word is not going unnoticed. As far as the patients, they will be affected in a positive way because more nurses will be around. There will be more nurses, experienced and inexperienced, to go around. In regards to solution two, offering a simulation program would work well for both the incoming nursing and the experienced nurses. However, the stakeholders affected would be different from those of solution one. Medical simulation is a new method to facilitate skill training and assessment (Carroll Messenger, 2008). The stakeholders impacted y solution two would be the nurses themselves, physicians, the government, the patients and the hospital. The nurses would have more hands on training. The experienced nurses would be able to watch or facilitate a training session that would be Just for the nurses. The physicians would be able to Join is as well. Those nurses who would be put on a surgical team or a Code Blue team would be able to practice side by side. In the same way, a simulator can have a negative affect on the nurses as well. A major limitation of simulation is the fidelity; no matter how high the fidelity is, it is not real. It is often impossible to imitate actual physiological signs or symptoms. For example, it is impossible to display crackles in the lung, when such a symptom would be important to the scenario (Carroll Messenger, 2008). On another note the hospital would have to push out more money to compensate for the simulation training. Access to the simulator could also be limited at times. It often depends on whether or not instructors and operators are availability. Since Reenter Memorial has a nursing shortage, who’s to say the existing nurses will have time to teach. Also negative transfer may happen with the nurses. This occurs when the students learn something wrong due to imperfect simulation (Carroll Messenger, 2008). This could possibly bring upon lawsuit for the hospital if things are done incorrectly on the actual human patients. This usually happens when the instructors fail to constantly remind the students the difference between the training devices. Even though it may seem like a lot of negative affects for the hospital there are positive ones as well. Ultimately there is no direct risk to any patients. Simulations bring forth opportunities to practice events that involve critical tasks that the nurses may encounter with a real patient. Additionally, team training is a positive affect and benefit with simulations. The scenarios that the team goes through will give not only the nurses but the physicians as well a better understanding. After the training is done a insightful debriefing of the scenarios is conducted to inform the team of what was done and what could have been done.. To sum it up, the best solution for Referee Memorial Hospital would be to pay the incentive. Reenter is already having problems retaining nurses, so why not pay them to stay. The hospital would save none from paying the temp agencies, and they would possible keep the nurses they have already. Plenty people stay at least a year over their retirement Just so they can get a little extra cash added on. â€Å"Every organization is going to have some issues with the nursing shortage and have a hard time filling certain openings,† said Margaret Gibson, the manager of employment and employee relations at Mercy Hospital in Miami (Nard Gorky, 2013). Any nursing facility would want to retain their experienced nurses. Just like any other healthcare facility, Reenter Memorial Hospital wants a devoted, dedicated workforce. Ultimately paying an incentive would, keep more. In conclusion, the issue of nursing shortages is an ongoing problem. Not only is it happening within Reenter Memorial Hospital, but it is happening in other hospitals around the US as well. It is said that due to the baby boomers retirement and extensive workload, nurses are becoming harder to retain. Whether a healthcare facility decides to increase pay, give an incentive or implement simulation training scenarios, it is totally up to that facility to decide. The best choice when compared to others is for Reenter Memorial hospital to pay an incentive to their nurses. The solution is much cheaper then continuing to pay temp agencies and has a higher chance of solving their staff retention problem. As far as the physically demanding workload, one cannot stop patients from enduring different problems that required different care. How to cite Final, Papers

Clubfoot Essay Example For Students

Clubfoot Essay CLUBFOOT Clubfoot is defined as a congenital foot deformity characterized by a kidney shaped foot that turns inward and points down. The forefoot is curved inward, the heel is bent inward, and the ankle is fixed in planter flexion with the toes pointing down. Shortened tendons on the inside of the lower leg, together with abnormally shaped bones that restrict movement outwards cause the foot to turn inwards. A tightened achilles tendon causes the foot to point downwards. The medical term for clubfoot is talipes equinovarus . It is the most common congenital disorder of the lower extremity. There are several variations, but talipes equinovarus being the most common. Clubfeet occurs in approximately 1 in every 800-1000 babies, being twice as common in boys than girls. One or both feet may be affected. The history of clubfeet began as far back as 400 B.C. Hipocrates was the first to describe it. He used bandages to treat it. As time progressed so did the treatment methods. In about 1743 gentle stretching was recommended. During that same century, a mechanical device resembling a turnbuckle was used to help stretch the tendons. By this time clubfoot was pretty well known around the world, using the typical stretching and splinting methods. In the 1800s plaster of paris was first introduced, and later that same century, the introduction of aseptic technique and anasthesia diminished, but not eliminated infection. As the 70s and 80s rolled around, other more reliable methods were depended upon. These new methods were less dependent on wrapping and taping. The majority of clubfeet results from abnormal development of the muscles, tendons, and bones while the baby is forming in the uterus. Genetic and environmental factors in the development of the fetus seem to also be some of the causes. The disturbance of the normal growing foot probably occurs at about the eighth week of pregnancy. The cause of the foot growing deformed is unknown, but believed to have something to do with heredity. Many cases of clubfoot do not have easily identifiable causes. The goal of treatment is to achieve and maintain as normal as a foot as possible. The extent of the required treatment varies, depending upon the rigidity of the foot. Treatment may take several months, but most children learn to crawl, stand, and walk at the normal age. There are a couple different ways to go about treating clubfoot, the two most perfered being manipulation and casting, and surgery. Clubfoot is most common in children who suffer from spina bifida who have an L4 or L5 motor l evel. Many orthopedic surgeons instead of serial casting suggest early taping and gentle manipulation followed by an application of a well-padded splint. The reason for this is because serial casting can cause skin irritations and breakdown. Another technique manipulation and casting is a treatment that begins shortly after birth. It involves slowly stretching out the tightened muscles and holding the foot in an improved position with a cast. The casts are made of plaster and extend from the toes to either just above the knee, or just below it. Adduction of the foot is usually corrected first, followed by inversion of the hindfoot, and lastly the plantar flexion. The casts are changed frequently, each time repositioning the foot a little closer to normal. For the first two-three weeks, the casts are changed every second to fourth day. Cast changes are then decreased to once every one-two weeks. This treatment continues until the child is three to six months old. This method of treat ment is distressing to the infant for only a short period of time. For this reason parents will be taught cast care before leaving the clinic. If the foot is too stiff to allow for adequate correction, then the tight or shortened tendons may need to be lengthened or released. The type of surgery varies according to how much soft tissue is released. During a surgical correction of a mild case of clubfoot, the surgeon must decide which joints require no, minimal, or moderate incision. In mild clubfoot, the mid and posterior subtalar joints requires minimal or no incision. All medial tendons are lengthened, the anterior and midtarsal joints are released, and